Kidney infection symptoms
Kidney kidney is a major vertebrate » emunctories (that is, all leading to the final products of metabolism). Invertebrates such as snails have organs similar to the secretion, and sometimes they are the so-called kidney, but from a different vertebrate » Kidneys for the structure and evolution of their descendants.
Function. Main functions are to move out of the kidney water organisms and the end product of metabolism. Vertebrates » The main product is urea. This is a major end-products containing the protein disassimilation (protein metabolism). Birds and reptiles » The main products of protein metabolism is uric acid. This is an insoluble, this is a White posted on the stool. Human form of uric acid and also moves by the kidneys (and its salts are urates).
Human kidneys quit about 1-1.5 liters of urine within 24 hours. Although these figures can vary strongly. The water consumption increased kidney answer more diluted urine output. And so they keep up with normal water content in the organism. If water consumption is limited kidney to save it in the organism. They use less water, as far as possible the formation of urine. Urine can be reduced to 300 ml per day and go out of the products will be higher. Urine is the regulation of the antidiuretic hormone (antidiuretic hormone secretion) also known as vasopressin. This is after the secretion of pituitary hormones (This is a gland at the base of the brain). If an organism’s need to conserve water secretion of antidiuretic hormone secretion increased, decreased urine output. And vice versa, when there is a great deal of water organisms in the antidiuretic hormone secretion is not educe, daily urine output can reach 20 liters. Although the urine excretion Yang is not more than one litre per hour.
结构. Mammals have two kidneys, which in the abdominal cavity on both sides of the backbone. Total weight of all human kidney is about 300 groups. Or about 0.5-1 percent of the weight. Nevertheless, the smaller the kidney is rich in blood supply. In one minute about one litre of blood through the renal artery and come out from the renal vein. Thus, in five minutes total output equivalent to the whole organism in the blood (about 5 liters) through the kidneys to eliminate the metabolic products.
Kidney is covered by the connective tissue and serous membrane coat. The kidneys’ s a slit can see, this is divided in two parts. They are the so-called cortex and medulla of the substance. Most are an integral part of the kidney a large number of ultra-fine gyrose tubular called nephrons. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons. The total length of all kidney nephrons about 120 km. Liquid kidney responsible for the formation of the end of urine. The nephrons structure is the key to understanding their functions. On one side of each kidney has a distension. This is a comprehensive form, is the so-called renal body. The so-called dual-board Baumann of the capsule, including the capillary network, forming a glomerule. The remaining an integral part of the kidney is trichotomic. Distorted part of this is the closest glomerule is the so-called proximal tubular complicated. And then thin-walled part of a straight line, a sharp turns, so that the so-called closed-loop Henle’s loop. This is the distinguished (in series) part down, or turn part of it. 1 tortile third part of a spiral distal tubular this is running (and other tubular spiral) as a possession receiver. Urine from the reception of the pelvis (In fact, this is the end of an expansion ureter), and then along the ureter in a bladder. Urine from the bladder is the lead along the urethra of certain provisions. The substance of the cortex, including all glomerules and all gyrose part of the proximal and distal tubular. Henle and receive the cycle of the cycle are located in between is the substance of the medulla.
The formation of urine. Glomerule in the water and decay, in its material in the blood going out from the wall through capillary under the influence of blood pressure. interstices stop such a small capillary blood cells and proteins. Therefore, glomerule works like a filter, so that the only through the water without protein, but through it all. This liquid is the so-called ultrafiltrate, glomerule filtrate primary or urine. This is to control at the same time, the experience of other parts of kidney.
In a human kidney on the volume of ultrafiltrate is 130 ml or eight liters per minute over one hour. Since the total output of a man equal to about 5 liters, it is obvious that part of the ultrafiltrate, should be absorbed into the blood. If the assumptions about one ml of urine in the form of the human organism so that the remaining 129 ml per hour (99%) of ultrafiltrate it is necessary to return, in the blood before they would be in urine, and Going out of a organisms.
ultrafiltrate contains a lot of valuable material (salt, sugar, amino acids, vitamins, etc.), one of organisms, Yang can lose a lot of size. Most of them exposed the re-absorption of proportion, as the filtrate clouds along the proximal renal tubular. For example, glucose reabsorbes until disappeared from the filtrate in all (to its concentration of zero). As blood glucose transfer back to the circumstances, the higher the concentration, contrary to the density gradient, so that the process requires additional energy, this is the so-called active means of transport.
Since the re-absorption of glucose and salt concentration of solutes ultrafiltrate decline. In the blood that can be more focused than the liquid solution, which is drawing water from the pipe. This means that the water passive follow-up, the positive line of salt. This is the so-called passive transport. With active and passive transportation 7 / 8 water and solute to be absorbed from the content proximal tubular. Filtrate and speed reduction to 1 liters per hour. So now of the liquid, including slag as urea. However, the process of formation of urine hasn Yang has not yet been completed.
The next part of Henle ’s cycle. It is responsible for the establishment of a very high concentration of salt and urea in the filtrate. Loop on the upstream part of the transportation needs of the active areas. At first, they are salt and gathered round a kind of pulp material, due to the high concentration of salt is created. And, because it’s part of the water down parts of the loop (flooding water) is to develop a well-off, and immediately to capillary. At the same time, salt gradually filled in the information technology and the highest concentration of the curve cycle. The mechanism is the so-called counter-current focus on the mechanism. Then filtrate to a small remote control, and other material can be turned into a positive because it means of transport.
Finally filtrate into the outfall. Here, it is to determine the amount of liquid will make an additional, so what is the last of urine. This means that the final or secondary urine. This phase of the regulation of the presence or absence of blood in the antidiuretic hormone secretion. Outfall between the location of the countless hentle ’s cycle of clouds and parallel to them. Under the influence of the antidiuretic hormone secretion into the walls of flooding. As the concentration of salt in hentle ’s circuit is very high water there is a tendency to follow-up of salt water, is actually taking outfall. It left a filling with high concentrations of salt, urea and other solute. This filling is the last of urine. If the lack of antidiuretic hormone secretion, blood, in order to carry out tubular stay low permeability of water. Yang water does not go out of the country, and they maintain the urine. Therefore, in turn be diluted.
Major kidney disease. Is the sediment in the kidney stones in the kidney salts. They are formed under high salt concentrations in the urine or increase the acidity of urine. This means that under the conditions conducive to the crystallization of salt. Main types of stone are oxalates, phosphates or urates. Small stones (sand) go out through the ureter, virtually no harm. More likely to be stranded in the ureter, which is accompanied by unbearable pain (kidney complaints). Larger stones remain in the pelvis and caused pain, infection and renal insufficiency. Large water consumption decreases the probability of stone formation.
Kidney stones is out of the surgical treatment, or with the help gravel (therapeutic use of ultrasound to crush stones, to be moved out small organisms). This approach does not make any Yang soft tissue injury of a kidney.
Renal failure and hemodialysis. There are many reasons, kidney infection or destruction of important diseases such as diabetes the pancreas can lead to renal insufficiency the right until renal insufficiency. Chronic renal insufficiency acid base of the imbalances and accumulation of nitrogen fertilizer residue (first of all urine) in the blood occur.
Those who suffer from renal failure, therapy can help hemodialysis (artificial kidney). Its principles in this regard for the blood from the artery (usually from the forearm) through the artificial kidney apparatus and return to the vein of the patient. Equipment in the blood runs through microscopic tubular This is circled thin plastic membrane. On the other side membrane dialysis fluid. If the dialysis solution is not water under such circumstances, all solute (salt, sugar, etc.), will wash out the plasma. This means that all the solute out of control, through the membrane of water. In order to avoid the liquid filling contains all these components and plasma concentration in these (but those should be removed, such as urea), is to take dialysis. In these times of hemodialysis solute going out of plasma, therefore, in the vein of the patient’s entire blood return. Hemodialysis may have been in operation for many years. The visit of the regular dialysis centre patients remain on the normal life.
Kidney and urinary tract infection. Kidney infection (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis) and urinary tract infection (cystitis) occurred more often are women (in view of the special nature of anatomy). More women are usually slow and impaired immune system.